Archaeological Research in Mozambique: an updated bibliography

Relevant literature covering the period 1498 to 2026

Adamowicz, L. “Projecto CIPRIANA 1981-85: Contribuição para o conhecimento da arqueologia entre os rios Lúrio e Ligonha, Provincia de Nampula”. Trabalhos de Arqueologia e Antropologia 3: (1987): 45–144.

———. "Newly discovered Stone Age and Early Iron Age sites in Nampula province, Northern Mozambique", in G. Sinclair, P. and Pwiti, G. (eds.) Urban origins in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of the 1990 workshop, Harare and Great Zimbabwe. Uppsala: The Central Board of National Antiquities, (1990): 137– 166..

———. ‘Principles of settlement research in Mozambique archaeology, a critical review of methodology’, in J. Sinclair, P. and Abdurahman, J. (eds.) Urban Origins in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of the 1991 workshop in Zanzibar. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology, (1992): 80–94.

———. “Building climate resilience assessment of Limpopo Basin in Mozambique. Environmental impact assessment for the archaeological and cultural heritage resources: Establishment of baseline, potential impacts, mitigation measure and management plan”. Patrimoz, 2017.

Alberto, S. “A Pré-história de Moçambique”, Bol. Soc. Estud. Colón. Moçamb., 21 (68), (1951): 115-152.

———. ‘Sequência da evolução da indústria da pedra em Moçambique a Sul do Save’, BoI. Soc. Estud. Coln. Mocamb., 27(111), (1958): 149-156.

Anderson, Nathan Joel, “The Materiality of Islamisation as Observed in Archaeological Remains in the Mozambique Channel”. University of Exeter, PhD Dissertation, 2021.

Archaeology in Mozambique: Current Issues and Topics in Archaeology and Heritage Management, Society for American Archaeology 86th Annual Meeting, Online (2021), https://core.tdar.org/collection/70593/archaeology-in-mozambique-current-issues-and-topics-in-archaeology-and-heritage-management

Babucic, N., S. Stempfle, D. Muianga, et al. “Finding Early Farming Communities in southern Mozambique: Using Geophysical Surveys to examine potential new open-air sites”, Journal of Global Archaeology, 4 (2023): 264–281.

Barker, Graeme. “Economic Models for the Manekweni Zimbabwe, Mozambique.” Azania 13 (1978): 71–100.

Barradas, L. “As formações quaternárias do sul do Save e as suas relações com a pré-história”, Boletim da Sociedade de Estudos da Colónia de Moçambique, 14 (47), (1945)

———. “Origem dos solos quaternários do sul de Moçambique”, Boletim da Sociedade de Estudos da Colónia de Moçambique, 16 (55), (1947): 197–216.

———. “Panorama da Pré-História de Moçambique”, Sociedade de Estudos de Moçambique, (1948): 1–20.

———. “Complexos geológicos-arqueológicos do Quaternário no sul de Moçambique”, Boletim da Sociedade de Estudos da Colónia de Moçambique, 90, (1955): 3–20.

———. “Concheiros da antiga baia de Lourenço Marques”, Estudos sobre Pré-história do Ultramar Português, 2(50), (1964): 13–163.

———. “Rochas do quaternário da beira-mar (Sul de Moçambique)”, Memórias do Instituto de Investigação Científica de Moçambique, 7, (1965): 37–84.

Bennett, T. Middle Stone Age lithic technology at Mvumu, Niassa, Mozambique. M.A. thesis, University of Calgary, 2011.

Bicho, Nuno, J. Haws, M. Raja, M., Madime, et al. “Middle and Late Stone Age of the Niassa region, northern Mozambique. Preliminary results”. Quaternary International, Volume 404 (B) (2016): 87-99.

Bicho, N, J. Cascalheira, J. Haws, C. Gonçalves, “Middle Stone Age Technologies in Mozambique: A Preliminary Study of the Niassa and Massingir Regions”, Journal of African Archaeology, 1 (2018): 60-82.

Bicho, N., J. Cascalheira, L. André, et al. ‘Portable art and personal ornaments from Txina-Txina: a new later stone age site in the Limpopo River valley, southern Mozambique’, Antiquity, 92(363), (2018): 1–7.

Bicho, N., C. Gonçalves, H. Madiquida et. al, “Mozambique Stone Age Landscape: A Decade of Archaeological Research”, Preprint/ under review, Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology, posted 12 March 2026.

Boston, Thomas. “On the Transition to Feudalism in Mozambique.” Journal of African Studies, no. 8 (1981): 182–87.

Brito, Bernardo Gomes de. História Trágico-Marítima. Lisboa, Edição Afrodite (originally published 1735-1736), 12 vols. 1971.

Carvalho, G. Soares de, M.E. Moreira Lopes, M.L. Prata Dias, J.M.F. Morais, R. T. Duarte. “The Quaternary deposits and the stone artefacts of the fluvial terraces (Olifants River) on the earth dam site at Massingir”. Memórias, Instituto de Investigação Científica de Moçambique no.10-B (1975): 73-182.

Carvalho, S., V. Aldeias, Z. Alemseged, et.al. “Gorongosa National Park and the biogeography of human origins in the Mio-Pliocene”, Proceedings of the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution, 6 (2017): 36.

Casimiro, T.M., Y. Duarte and J. Iglésias. “A world of beads from the Island of Mozambique (16th–20th centuries)”. World Archaeology, 55, no. 5 (2023): 526–539.

Castelo, I.F.R. Traços da presença Portuguesa no Vale do Zambezi entre os Secs. XVI - XIX a luz das Pesquisas Realizadas pela Brigada de Estudos da Pré-História e Arqueologia (JIU) entre 1971 e 1972. Universidade de Lisboa; MA thesis, 2014.

Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos. Documentos sobre os Portugueses em Moçambique e na África Central. Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos and the National Archives of Rhodesia, vols. I-VII (1962-1971), Lisbon and Salisbury.

Cianciullo, Silvio, F. Attorre, F.R. Trezza, et.al. “Analysis of land cover dynamics in Mozambique (2001–2016)”, Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 34, (2023): 81-92.

Chadelle, B., L. Bruxelles. “Mozambique and Southern Africa karsts identification by SIG”. Karstologia Mémoires, 5 (25), (2022): 199-202.

Cruz e Silva, T. “First indications of early iron age in southern Mozambique: Matola IV 1/68”. In Proceedings, VIIIth Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies (eds R.E.F. Leakey and B.A.Ogot), TILLMIAP Nairobi (1980): 349-350.

Davies, T.W., P. Gunz, F. Spoor, et al. “Dental morphology in Homo habilis and its implications for the evolution of early Homo”. Nat Commun 15, 286 (2024)

De Meyer, Marc, Luis Bota, Beatriz Daniel, et al. “A Checklist of the Dacine Fruit Flies (Diptera, Tephritidae, Dacinae) of Mozambique”. African Entomology 31 (2023).

Derricourt, R.M. “Some costal shell middens in Southern Moçambique.”, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 10 (1) (1975):135–139.

Dickinson, R. ‘Archaeology investigation at Nova Mambone, Moçambique’, in Monumenta: Bolentim da Comissao dos Monumentos Nacionais de Moçambique, no 7 (VII) (1971).

———. “The Archaeology of the Sofala Coast.” South Africa Archaeological Bulletin 30, nos.119–20 (1975): 84–104.

Duarte, Ricardo T. “Three Iron Age sites in Massingir area, Gaza Province, Moçambique and their importance in the southern Mozambique Bantu settlement”. In Morais J., T. C. e Silva, J.C Senna-Martinez e R.T.Duarte, Iron Age Research in Moçambique, collected preliminary reports, Instituto de Investigação Científica de Moçambique, Secção de Pré-história, 1976.

———. Moçambique e o Índico: evidências arqueológicas do passado de Moçambique na sua relação com a história dos contactos comerciais entre os diversos povos do Oceano Índico. Trabalhos de Arqueologia e Antropologia 4 (1987): 1-17

———. “Arqueologia da Idade do Ferro em Moçambique (1974 a 1988): retrospectiva do trabalho realizado”. Trabalhos de Arqueologia e Antropologia 5, (1988): 57-72.

———. Northern Mozambique in the Swahili World - An Archaeological Approach. MPhil dissertation, Uppsala University Press, 1993.

———. “Maritime History in Mozambique and East Africa: The Urgent Need for the Proper Study and Preservation of Endangered Underwater Cultural Heritage.” Journal of Maritime Archaeology 7, no. 1 (2012): 63–86.

Duarte, M.L and R.T. Duarte 1988: “Arte rupestre em Moçambique: sobre cinco dos mais belos painéis”. Trabalhos de Arqueologia e Antropologia 5, (1988): 75-77

Duarte, R.T and M. P. Meneses, “The Archaeology of Mozambique Island. Aspects of African Archaeology”, in Aspects of African Archaeology: Papers from the 10th Congress of the Pan-African Association for Prehistory and Related Studies, Eds G. Pwiti and R. Soper, Univ. Zimbabwe, 1996: 555: 559.

Dusseldorp G., M. Lombard, S. Wurz S. “Pleistocene Homo and the updated Stone Age sequence of South Africa”. S Afr J Sci. 109 (5/6), (2013): 1-7.

Ehret, Christopher. “Cattle-Keeping and Milking in Eastern and Southern African History: The Linguistic Evidence.” Journal of African History 8, no. 1 (1967): 1–17.

Ekblom, Anneli. Changing Landscapes: An Environmental History of Chibuene, Southern Mozambique. Uppsala University: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, PhD thesis, 2004.

Ekblom, A. “Forest–savanna dynamics in the coastal lowland of southern Mozambique since c. AD 1400”, The Holocene,18(8), (2008):1247–1257.

Ekblom, A and L. Gillson, “Livelihood security, vulnerability and resilience: a historical analysis of Chibuene, Southern Mozambique”, AMBIO Journal of the Human Environment, 41(5), (2012): 479–489.

Ekblom, A., B. Eicchorn, P.J.J. Sinclair, et al. “Land use history and resource utilization from A.D. 400 to the present, Chibuene, southern Mozambique’”, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 23(1), (2014): 15–32.

Ekblom, A., J. Risberg, K. Holmgren, “Coastal Forest and Miombo woodland history of the Vilankulo region, Mozambique.” The Holocene, 24(3), (2014): 284-294.

Ekblom A. , A. Shoemaker, L. Gillson et al. “Conservation through biocultural heritage- examples from Sub-Saharan Africa”, Land, 8(1), (2019):1–15.

Ekblom, Anneli, M. Notelid, A. Lindahl, E. Mtetwa. “Chicumbane Connections: Lower Limpopo Valley During the First Millennium AD”. African Archaeological Review, Vol. 41, no. 1 (2023): 119-138.

Ekblom, A., S. Macamo, P. Bechtel et al. “A Framework for Cultural Heritage Management in National Parks, Mozambique”, Bull. Mus. Anthropol. Préhist. Monaco, (63), (2024): 69–83.

Encyclopedia of Archaeology, 2^nd edition (2024), “Archaeological Science”, accessed Oct 26, 2025, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/archeological-science

Ervedosa, C. “A estação paleolítica de Samuane, Moçambique”, Garcia da Orta: Revista da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 16(3), (1967): 267–276.

Fourvel, J-B, A. Beaudet, M. Zanolli, et al. “The HOMME project – Human Origins in Mozambique and Malawi Environments: looking for our origin in the Mozambican karst”. Karstologia Mémoires, 5, no. 25 (2022): 219–222.

Fortes-Lima, C.A., C. Burgarella, R. Hammarén, et al. ”The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa”. Nature 625, 540–547 (2024).

Freitas, Joana G. A Global Environmental History of Coastal Dunes. Routledge Environmental History, 2025.

Garlake, P. S. “An Investigation of Manekweni, Mozambique.” Azania 11 (1976): 25–47.

Gonçalves, Célia, M. Raja, O. Madime, et al. “Mapping the Stone Age of Mozambique”, African Archaeological Review33 (1) (2016):1-12.

Hall, Martin, and J.M.F Morais. Early Farming Communities of Southern Mozambique.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 44, no. 149 (1989): 56.

Hallinan, E. ‘The Southern African Stone Age Site Index (SASSI): A Spatial, Chronological and Contextual Resource for Archaeological Research’, Journal of Open Archaeology Data, 14, (2026). Available at: https://doi.org/10.5334/.

Hammarström, H. “An inventory of Bantu languages”. in The Bantu Languages, 2nd edition eds. Van de Velde, M. et al., (2019):17–78.

Hammond A.S., S.S. Mavuso, M. Biernat et.al. “New hominin remains and revised context from the earliest Homo erectus locality in East Turkana, Kenya.” Nature Commun.,12(1), (2021):1939.

Hannaford, M. “Climate Change and Society in Southern African History.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Retrieved 14 Mar. 2026.

Hearty, P. J., A. Rovere, M.R. Sandstrom, et.al. “Pliocene‐Pleistocene stratigraphy and sea‐level estimates, Republic of South Africa with implications for a 400 ppmv CO 2 world”. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 35, (2020): 1-23.

Herries Andy I.R. “Chronology of the Hominin Sites of Southern Africa”, Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Publ. online 20 June 2022 at https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.57

Herries, A. I. R., J. M. Martin, A.B. Leece, et. al.) “Contemporaneity of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo erectus in South Africa.” Science, 368 (6486), (2020).

Hibbard, K.A., Costanza R., Crumley C., van der Leeuw S., Aulenbach, S., Dearing J., Morais J., Steffen, W., Yasuda, Y.” Developing an integrated history and future of people on earth (IHOPE): Research plan.” Global Change. IGBP Report No. 59. IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm (2010).

Holmgren.K, W. Karlén, S.E. Lauritzen, et. al, “A 3000-year high-resolution stalagmite-based record of palaeoclimate for northeastern South Africa”, The Holocene 9,3 (1999): 295–309.

Horton, Mark and Nina Mudida. “Exploitation of marine resources: evidence for the origin of the Swahili communities of East Africa”. in Thurstan Shaw (Ed.) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns. Routledge, 1993: 673-693.

Hublin, JJ., A. Ben-Ncer, S. Bailey et al.” New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens.” Nature 546, (2017): 289–292

Hublin, JJ., D. Lefèvre, S. Perini et al.” Early hominins from Morocco basal to the Homo sapiens lineage.” Nature 649, (2026): 902–908

Huffman, Thomas N. “Archaeological evidence for climatic change during the last 2000 years in southern Africa”. Quaternary International, Vol. 33 (1996): 55-60

———. “Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,28 (1), (2009): 37-54

IFAS Recherche, “The Rock Art of the Hunter-Gatherers”. Lesedi 23, Field Notes, (2020).

Inskeep, Ray. The peopling of Southern Africa, N.Y: Barnes and Noble, 1979.

Jakobsson, M., C. Bernhardsson, J. McKenna et al.” Homo sapiens-specific evolution unveiled by ancient southern African genomes.” Nature 650, (2026):156–163

Joordens Josephine C.A., C. S. Feibel, H.B. Vonhof, et.al, “Relevance of the eastern African coastal forest for early hominin biogeography”, Journal of Human Evolution, 131, (2019: 176-202.

Jopela, Albino P.J. “Traditional Custodianship of Rock Art Sites in Central Mozambique: A Case Study from Manica District.” Studies in the African Past 8 (2010): 161–77.

Jopela, Albino and P.D. Fredriksen. “Public archaeology, knowledge meetings and heritage ethics in southern Africa: an approach from Mozambique”. World Archaeology 47 (2), (2015): 261–284.

Júnior, S. “Contribuição para o estudo da Idade da Pedra em Moçambique. A estação lítica de Marissa (Tete)’” Moçambique, 12, (1937): 95–105.

Júnior, S. “On the prehistory of Mozambique’” Moçambique, 28, (1941): 23–75.

Klein, Richard “The Earlier Stone Age of Southern Africa”, South African Archaeological Bulletin 27 (172), (2000):107-122

Kohtamäki, Marjaana. “Transitions: A Landscape Approach to Social and Cultural Changes in Southern Mozambique, 5000 BC–1000 AD”. Uppsala University: Studies in Global Archaeology, PhD thesis, 2014.

Kohtamäki, M. and S. Badenhorst. “Preliminary results from recent iron age excavations in Southern Mozambique”. The South African Archaeological Bulletin 72, no. 205 (2017): 80-90.

Koile E., S.J. Greenhill, D.E. Blasi, et. al, “Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119 (32), (2022).

Lane, P., C. Kleinitz, and Gao, Y. “Global frictions, archaeological heritage, and Chinese construction in Africa”, in T. Hamar (ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalisation. Abingdon: Routledge, (2017): 139–156.

Laumanns, Michael, “Mozambique 1998, 1999 and 2015: Expeditions to the Cheringoma Plateau, the Rio Buzi, and to Buchane”, Berliner Höhlenkundliche Berichte, Volume 71, Speläoclub Berlin, (2017): 125pp.

Leite, L. “Breves notas acerca do Magosiano”, Mems Inst. Invest. Cient. Moçamb, 7, (1965): 101–120.

Lepre C.J. Dennis V. Kent, “Chronostratigraphy of KNM-ER 3733 and other Area 104 hominins from Koobi Fora,” Journal of Human Evolution, 86, (2015): 99-111

Liesegang, Gerhard. “Archaeological Sites on the Bay of Sofala.” Azania 7 (1972): 147–59.

Lindqvist, Per-Inge. Archaeology in Mozambique: Report on Research Work, 1982–83. Stockholm: Central Board of National Antiquities, 1984.

Lombard, M., J. Bradfield, M.V.Caruana et. al, “The Southern African Stone Age Sequence Updated (II)”, South African Archaeological Bulletin 77 (217), (2022):172-212.

Lötter, M., J. Burrows, K. Jones, et al. Historical vegetation map and red list of ecosystems assessment for Mozambique – Version 2.0 – Final report. USAID / SPEED+, AFD/FFEM. Maputo, 2023.

Macamo, S. Inventário Nacional de Monumentos, Conjuntos e Sítios do Património Cultural, Maputo: Ministério da Cultura/UNESCO, 2003.

———. “Privileged Places in South Central Mozambique: The Archaeology of Manyikeni, Niamara, Songo and Degue-Mufa.” Uppsala University: Studies in African Archaeology, PhD Thesis, (2005).

———. “Macuti town and community involvement in the conservation of Mozambique Island”, in Living with World Heritage in Africa (September 26-29). Johannesburg: UNESCO. (2012)

———. “The places of Zimbabwe-Khami tradition in Mozambique, in the context of Southern Africa’” Primeiro Congresso Internacional de Arqueologia da África, U. Federal do Amazonas, (2021).

Macamo, S. and A. Ekblom “Projectos SAREC e a participação das comunidades locais na pesquisa arqueológica: o caso do distrito de Vilankulo”, in Zimba, J. and B. Castiano, (eds.) Ciências Sociais na Luta Contra a Pobreza emMoçambique, OSREA, (2005): 125–138.

Macamo, S. and A. Ekblom, A. “Living heritage: cultural heritage management and archaeological practice in Mozambique’” in Ekblom, A., C. Isendahl, and K-J. Lindholm (eds.) The Resilience of heritage: Cultivation a Future of the past. TMG Tabergs, (2018): 392–410.

Macamo, S., Raimundo, M., Moffet, A. et al. “Developing Heritage preservation on Ilha de Moçambique Using a Historic Urban Landscape Approach”, Heritage, 7(4), (2024).

Macamo, Solange L., A. Ekblom, P. Sinclar, and L. Adamowicz. “The Manyikeni and Chibuene Archaeological Sites, Mozambique: Prospects for their Conservation and Management”. In: Other landscapes of cultural heritage(s): history and politics, Eds. Nuno Lopes, Walter Rossa, Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, Coimbra University Press, 2023: 319-339.

Macamo, S.L. and Benedito Machava. “An archaeological analysis of pottery from Massingir District, Southern Mozambique”, The South African Archaeological Bulletin 66, no. 194 (2011): 113-120 .

Macamo, S. and T. Saetersdal, 2004: “Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Management in Mozambique – Some experiences made and some future challenges”. in “Combining the Past and the Present: Archaeological perspectives on society”, T. Oestigaard, N. Anfinset, and T. Saetersdal (eds) BAR International Series 1210, (2004): 189-200.

Madime, Omar C.P. Sofala na Rrota do Comércio Internacional: Uma Reflexão a Partir da Análise Técnicomorfológica das Cerâmicas. University of Algarve, 2015.

———. “Integrated Heritage Management as an Avenue for Sustainability: The Example of Rescue Archaeology in Mozambique”. Studies in Global Archaeology 31. PhD thesis, Uppsala, 275 pp, Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 2025.

Madiquida, Hilário “The Iron Age communities in the Zambezi river basin: excavations in Mozambique”. SAFA preliminary report, (2006)

———. “The Iron-Using Communities of the Cape Delgado Coast from AD 1000”. Uppsala University: Studies in Global Archaeology 8, 2007.

———. “Archaeological and Historical Reconstructions of the Foraging and Farming Communities of the Lower Zambezi: From the mid Holocene to the second Millennium AD”. Uppsala University: Studies in Global Archaeology, PhD thesis, 2015.

Madupe, P.P., et al. “Results from an Australopithecus africanus dental enamel fragment confirm the potential of palaeoproteomics for South African Plio-Pleistocene fossil sites”. South African Journal of Science, 121(1/2), (2025)

Mahumane, Cézar and C. Simbine. “(Re-)interpreting the Artefact Collection of the Nossa Senhora da Consolação Wreck (1608)”, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 53 (1), (2024): 33‌-‌52.

Malatesta, L., T. Alves, F. Attorre et al.” BioNoMo: the Biodiversity Network of Mozambique”. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei34, (2023): 69–80.

Matias, R., S. Lennox, A. Gomes and N.F. Bicho, “Anthracological Analyses of the Iron Age Shell Middens Complex at Praia da Rocha, Inhambane, Mozambique”. Conference poster: SAA 84^th Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, 2019.

McWethy, David B., Frank H. Neumann, Franziska Steinbruch, et al.” Late Quaternary vegetation development and disturbance dynamics from a peatland on Mount Gorongosa, central Mozambique”, Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol.137, (2016): 221-233

Medeiros, E. “Moçambique: Evolução de Algumas Instituições Sócio-familiares”. Lisboa: CEA - Documentos de Trabalho, (1985).

———. “The History of Mozambique from Nomadic Hunters to Conscript Labour, From Colonialism to Liberation”. Mozambique! Exhibition Workshop, The Culture House, Stockholm (1988): 161-180.

Meneses, M.P. “Idade de Pedra em Moçambique. Os primórdios da sociedade humana: Evidências arqueológicas”. Trabalhos de Arqueologia e Antropologia, 5, (1988): 3–55.

———. “Some Aspects Regarding the Acheulean in Southern Mozambique”, in G. Pwiti, R. C. Soper (eds.), Aspects of the African Prehistory: Papers from the 10 Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies,University of Zimbabwe Publications, (1995): 129–137.

———. New Methodological Approaches to the Study of the Acheulean from Southern Mozambique. PhD thesis, Rutgers Univ., 1999.

———. O Acheulense em Moçambique: novas abordagens metodológicas. Maputo, Moçambique: Promédia. 2004.

Mercader, Julio. “Mozambican Grass Seed Consumption During the Middle Stone Age”. Science vol. 326, issue 5960, (2009):1680-1683.

Mercader, J., T. Bennett and M. Raja, “Middle Stone Age starch acquisition in the Niassa Rift, Mozambique’” Quaternary Research, 70(2), (2008): 283–300.

Mercader, Julio, Y. Asmerom, T. Bennett, et al. “Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: A Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique”. Journal of Human Evolution, Vol.57, no. 1 (2009): 63-74.

Mercader, J., F. Astudillo, M. Barkworth et al. ‘Poaceae phytoliths from the Niassa Rift, Mozambique’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(8), (2010): 1953–1967.

Mercader, Julio, T. Bennett, C. Esselmont et al. “Phytoliths from Middle Stone Age habitats in the Mozambican Rift (105–29 ka)”, Journal of Human Evolution, Vol. 64, Issue 5, (2013): 328-336.

Mercader, J., P. Sillén, “Middle and Later Stone Age Sites from Sofala, Gorongosa (Central Mozambique)”, Nyame Akuma, 80, (2013): 3-13.

Mitchell, Peter, The Archaeology of Southern Africa, Cambridge World Archaeology, CUP, 2nd Edition, 2024.

Montero-Ruiz, I., M. Ruiz-Gálvez, V. Fernández, H. Madiquida, D. Herranz and C. Mahumane, “Lead isotopic provenance of some coins and other bronze items from an early Swahili site in Ibo Island (northern Mozambique)”. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 60, no. 2 (2025): 233–258.

Morais, João M.F. (ed.). Iron Age research in Moçambique: collected preliminary reports. Instituto de Investigação Científica de Moçambique, Secção de Pré-história, 1976.

———. “Mozambican Archaeology: Past and Present.” African Archaeological Review 2 (1984): 113–128.

———. The Early Farming Communities of Southern Mozambique. Stockholm: Central Board of National Antiquities, 1988.

———. “Fontes Historiográficas e Arqueologia em Moçambique”, Leba 7, Actas da I Reunião de Arqueologia e História Pré-Colonial, (1993): 301-317,.

———. “M.S. Alberto e a Arqueologia Moçambicana: uma nota bibliográfica”, Boletim Informativo, Serviços Culturais da Embaixada de Portugal, Maputo 1994.

Morais, J.M.F. and P. Sinclair. “Manyikeni: A Zimbabwe in Southern Mozambique.” In Proceedings of the 8th Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, Nairobi, Eds. Richard E. Leakey and Bethwell A. Ogot, International Louis Leakey Memorial Institute for African Prehistory, 1977: 351–54.

Morais, J.M.F. and P. Sinclair. “In Search of Africa: Archaeology in Mozambique”. Mozambique! Exhibition Workshop, The Culture House, Stockholm, 1988: 156-160.

Muianga, Décio. Rock Art and Ancient Material Culture of Cahora Bassa Dam, Tete Province, Mozambique, M.A. dissertation, Johannesburg, University of the Witwatersrand, 2013.

———. “Rock Art in Mozambique, Hunter-Gatherers’ Space, Symbolism, and Tools”. Lesedi 23 (2020): 60-63, French Institute of South Africa.

———. “Archaeological evidence of continuous occupation of the Southwest Maputo Province, Mozambique.” PAGES Magazine 31, no. 2 (2023): 115.

———. “The Hybrid Landscape. Materiality, Connectivity and Mobility of the last 4000 years of Hunter-Gatherers in the Southwest Maputo Province, Mozambique”. Studies in Global Archaeology 32 (2025) Uppsala: Department of Archaeology, Ancient History and Conservation.

Nash, D.J. and M.J. Hannaford “Historical climatology in Africa: a state of the art”, Pages Magazine 28 (2), (2020): 42-43.

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